Suchergebnisse

This article analyzes the Arabisms and other lexical devices that are used to characterize the Native American in theRelación de la jornada de Cíbola by Pedro de Castañeda, a text that deals with the expedition that Francisco Vázquez de Coronado led to the present-day Southwestern United States from 1540 to 1542. After a general presentation of the text, the work focuses on the analysis of seven Arabisms (alárabe,alijar,albarrada,alcoholar,atambor,borceguíandenjalma) along with other words, including nicknames (Bigotes,Moro,TurcoeYsopete), to disentangle the meanings and sociolinguistic implications of the use of these words to refer to the American reality. In order to do so, great use is made of information garnered from documentary and lexical sources. We depart from the premise that in the conquest and colonization of New Spain, the models from the previous conquests of Granada and North Africa are followed. And through this perspective of continuity, we identify parallel political measures, identical discursive traditions, as well as a shared attitude and linguistic awareness. From a lexical point of view, this attempt to explain the New World is transmitted by various processes, including the use of lexical Arabisms to plastically illustrate an unknown and pagan culture through codes that are familiar, and equally pagan, to the reader. This contribution helps to expand our understanding about the presence of Arabisms in the history of the Spanish language. ; El presente artículo analiza los arabismos junto con otros recursos léxicos utilizados en la caracterización del indígena en laRelación de la jornada de Cíbola de Pedro de Castañeda, referida a la expedición que Francisco Vázquez de Coronado realizó entre 1540 y 1542 a los territorios del actual suroeste de los Estados Unidos. Tras una presentación general del texto, el trabajo se centra en el estudio de siete arabismos (alárabe,albarrada,alcoholar,alijar,atambor,borceguíyenjalma) junto con otras voces, entre ellas motes (Bigotes,Moro,TurcoeYsopete), para desentrañar los significados y las implicaciones sociolingüísticas del uso de estas voces aplicadas a la realidad americana y, para ello, se tienen muy en cuenta los datos proporcionados por las fuentes documentales y lexicográficas. Se parte de la premisa de que, en la conquista y colonización de Nueva España, se siguen los modelos de las precedentes conquistas granadina y norteafricana y, desde esta perspectiva de continuidad, se identifican medidas políticas paralelas, las mismas tradiciones discursivas, así como una actitud y conciencia lingüística comunes. Desde el punto de vista léxico, este intento de explicación del Nuevo Mundo se transmite a través de distintos procedimientos, entre ellos, el uso de arabismos léxicos con una función de ilustrar plásticamente una cultura desconocida y pagana a través de códigos familiares e igualmente paganos para el lector. La contribución ayuda a ensanchar el conocimiento sobre la presencia de arabismos en la historia del español.

One of the most striking developments in the history of medieval and early modern Iberia is that of its linguistic transformation from being a predominantly Romance speaking community to being thoroughly monolingual in Arabic in most territories under Islamic rule, only to become again an almost exclusively Romance speaking society after the expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609. This linguistic development can be arguably related to the political and social transformations due, in the first place, to the Islamic conquest and rule of most of the Iberia peninsula for a period of eight centuries and, second, to the subsequent belligerent reaction of the Christian Kingdoms of the North that ended up in the defeat and disappearance of the last Muslim kingdom of Granada in 1492, followed by the expulsion in 1609 of the last Muslims (Moriscos) of the Iberian peninsula many of whom were still speakers of the Arabic language. The association of Arabic with Islam and that of Romance with Christianity was a prevalent notion among both Christians and Muslims but it led to different linguistic policies and linguistic attitudes in the Iberia ruled by Muslims and in the Iberia ruled by Christians. In this article we intend to do a comparative study of the linguistic attitudes and policies towards the language of the religious "other" or religious "enemy" in two different specific periods: First, in al-Andalus, from the eleventh century onwards, at the time that Arabic was the dominant language and when religious diversity was on the verge of extinction after the strict rule of the Almohad dynasty. Second, in 16th century Christian Spain, at the time that Castilian Romance was being standardized and the dominant language of the country and when the only traces of religious diversity, that is, the Morisco community, were harshly repressed and on the eve of being expelled from the country. In both cases, the religious minority under duress was identified with a powerful external threat: the Christians of the North, in the first case, and external Islam (Ottoman Empire and North Africa), in the second. Furthermore, those minorities are representative of the religious enemy within the framework of confrontation between Islam and Christianity in the Iberian Peninsula. The comparison will be articulated through two main enquiries: First, the enquiry into the degree of knowledge of the language of the religious other/enemy and, more specifically, the awareness and interpretation of the two existing diglossias: Classical Arabic/Andalusi Arabic in the case of Muslims and Romance/Latin in the case of Christians. Second, we will address our enquiry into the linguistic policies (whether overt or surreptitious) and linguistic attitudes towards the language of the religious other as reflected in contemporary literature.

[EN] Analysis of language use in medieval and early modern Iberia has been carried out in different studies with a focus on either Muslim Iberia or Christian Iberia but we still lack more comprehensive comparative studies. In this article, the authors will approach the specific question of linguistic policies and linguistic attitudes in these two historical contexts from the vantage point of the interaction between language and religion. The association of Arabic with Islam and that of Romance with Christianity will be examined in these two historical periods in which each religious group constituted either the ruling class or the religious minority. The comparative analysis of these two linguistic situations will build on and benefit from recent work developed in the field of the sociology of language and religion. ; [PT] A análise do uso da linguagem no período medieval e no início da Idade Moderna foi realizada em diferentes estudos com foco na Península Ibérica muçulmana ou na Península Ibérica cristã, mas ainda carecemos de estudos comparativos mais abrangentes. Neste artigo, as autoras abordarão a questão específica das políticas linguísticas e das atitudes linguísticas nesses dois contextos históricos do ponto de vista da interação entre língua e religião. A associação do árabe com o islamismo e do romance com o cristianismo será examinada nesses dois períodos históricos em que cada grupo religioso constituiu a classe dominante ou a minoria religiosa. A análise comparativa dessas duas situações linguísticas se baseará e se beneficiará de trabalhos recentes desenvolvidos no campo da sociologia da linguagem e da religião. ; Work on this article has been done in the framework of the research project Ciencia y religión en el judaísmo en la Iberia medieval (FFI2016-75230-P).